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The Key Signature

The key signature is the combination of either sharps or flats grouped together in the beginning of a music staff.

It tells us what scale a piece is mainly made from, or centers around.

A composition may use many different scales or tonalities, but in so called tonal music; music with a tonal center (usually major or minor), it will gravitate to one specific note that will feel more like “home”.

This is also the note that the piece usually finishes with and it is the root, or the first note of the “key” or scale that the key signature tells us.

Mini Vocabulary:

Key: Is a black or white key on the keyboard. But in the context of scales we say "This is in the key of A major" for example, meaning the piece uses the notes of the A major scale and centers around A, which is the root or the tonic. Mostly used for major and minor.
Tonality: Same as Key above regarding scales.
Scale: The notes organized in a row that are used in a particular tonality or key.

These words are often used interchangeably - and can be a bit confusing!

What do we need the key signature for?

To simplify note reading. All the notes that are changed in the main scale used for a composition, have their sharps or flats written in the beginning of each staff instead of being written before every single note that is changed.

For example, an A major scale has three sharps. If a composition is using mainly this scale, and finishes with an A; it is in "A major". The key signature you will see are three sharps in the beginning of the staff, telling us that in this piece all the F's, C's and G's need to be raised 1/2 step.

Accidentals:

There might still be other sharps, flats or naturals in the score. They are called “accidentals” and are only temporary. They last only for one measure whereas the key signature lasts for the whole piece.

How many key signatures are there?

There are 12 different notes in the western notation. On the piano keyboard you can see them easily; 7 white keys and 5 black. You can create a scale from every note.

Piano Keyboard with names

But there are 15 major (and related minor) key signatures; 7 with sharps, 7 with flats and one with nothing.

In reality there are only 12 different ones, though. So how does this go together?

This is because some notes are “enharmonic”, meaning that they sound the same but have different names.

For example F# major and Gb major are “enharmonic”, they look and sound exactly the same on the piano keyboard, but are written differently with notes.

The Circle of Fifths neatly displays all 15 major keys and makes it easy to see how many sharps or flats each scale/key/tonality has:

Circle of Fifths with major scales

You can see that for example B major and Cb major have totally different key signatures, but when played they sound exactly the same, since the same piano keys or notes are used!

What are Relative Keys?

Each major scale shares a key signature with a minor scale. That is because they are “related”. All major scales have one “relative” minor. They share the same notes, but have different starting notes- or roots.

For example C major and A minor. The C major scale has no sharps or flats in the scale, so its "signature" is without any sharps or flats! Its relative A minor shares the same notes and signature but starts from A. Here is a printable chart with all the key-signatures.

How to find the relative minor:

To find the relative minor for each major key, you only have to go 3 half steps down from the major. You will also find it on the sixth step of the major scale.

Natural, Harmonic and Melodic minor:

Minor scales have some alterations as compared to the major scales that have none. Basically there is one minor scale, but with alternative 6th and 7th steps.

When you learn about music theory you will learn that there are three types; the natural minor, the harmonic minor and the melodic minor scales.

The natural minor only uses the notes of its' relative major.
The harmonic minor uses a raised 7th step for a stronger pull back to “home” or the root.
The melodic minor uses a raised 6th and 7th step when going up, or ascending, and “turns natural” when descending, or going down.

The changed 6th and 7th steps of a minor scale are never written in the key signature, but since they are temporary they are written as they are used in the score as accidentals. They may be both sharps, flats or even naturals.

The order of the sharps and flats:

The sharps and the flats are added one by one for each key in a “zig-zag” pattern.

But the sharps have one exception to that pattern when adding A. Since the A (on the treble staff) if following the pattern would be on a help line, (and that would really look messy to put a sharp on) that A sharp is moved down an octave. After that it continues as usual.

The order of the sharps: The sharps are added from F#, a fourth down, a fifth up etc. with the exception of A# as mentioned above. Key signature with sharps
The order is: F-C-G-D-A-E-B

The order of the flats: The flats are added from Bb, a fourth up, a fifth down etc. no exceptions. (Neat pattern!) Key Signature with Flats
The order is: B-E-A-D-G-C-F

Hrrmm… See the pattern? If you need to memorize the order – it is backwards from the sharps!

How to find what key or scale each signature represents:

OK. This was simply the order of the sharps and flats. Now how do you know for which scale each signature is? There are two tricks for this:

For the sharps (#), find the last sharp added, then go 1/2 step up. Lets say you have four sharps. The last is for D#. A 1/2 step up is E, so the key is E major, or its relative C# minor (3 half steps below E).
For the flats (b) it is even easier; find the last flat added, then go to the one before that. This is your key signature. For example: There are three flats. The last is for Ab. The one before is on Eb. So the key signature is Eb major or its relative C minor (3 half steps below Eb).

The only exception here is if you have only one flat, the first one on Bb. Since there is no flat before that- you simply have to memorize that this is the key signature for F major or its relative, D minor. The same goes for C major, since it has no sharps or flats- but you already knew that, didn't you!

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